This book was compiled and written by John Braden and Terry Wantz, for the Newaygo County Society of History and Genealogy. It contains over 1000 names of Civil War veterans connected with Newaygo County, Mich. We know that there will b e errors, misspellings, and omissions. We are sorry about this but it is the best we could do with the records that are available at this late date. If you find any errors, please let us or the Society at the E. Jack Sharpe Public Library know so that we can correct our records for future generations.

We would also like to thank the many people who have helped us with this book, especially Ena Cobb, Ron Taylor, Lawrence Boyd, for helping obtain some of this material, to all those who wrote short stories on their ancestors, to Trude D enhof for indexing the book, and to the Hi-Lites Shoppers Guide and their staff who helped put together and print this book.

Thank you,

The Editors,

John Braden

Terry Wantz

To the brave "Boys in Blue" who participated in that memorable struggle for the preservation of our Union, to the mothers, wives, daughters, and sons who, at home and in the hospital, so nobly did their parts, and mainly to those from Newaygo County wh o gave the supreme sacrifice, "their lives", during the war (1861-1865). We dedicate this book on Newaygo County, Michigan, Civil War Veterans.

AMES, SUEL Co. F 2nd Mich. Cav. 7/10/1862

BARNES, GEORGE

BARNHARD, HORATIO Co. H 3rd Mich. Inf. 8/29/1862

BERRY, JOSEPH S. Co. B 26th Mich. Inf. 12/8/1862

BILLS, CHARLES Co. H 26th Mich. Inf. 2/7/1863

BONHAM, OLIVER Co. B 26th Mich. Inf. 2/28/1865

BONNEY, ALVA Co. K 3rd Mich. Inf. 6/25/1862

BRITTON, ZACHARIAH Co. A 15th Mich. Inf. 2/20/1865

BROWN, JOHN M. Co. K 3rd Mich. Inf. 7/12/1863

BROWN, WILLIAM M. Co. D 8th Mich. Inf. 12/11/1861

BULLIN, CYRUS N. Co. K 3rd Mich. Inf. 5/13/1861

CARPENTER, CHARLES Co. A 10th Mich. Cav.

CARPENTER, JASON Co. K 21st Mich. Inf. 6/25/1865

*CLARK, JOSIAH F. Co. C 13th Mich. Inf. 12/30/1863

COLE, ALEXANDER Co. E 21st Mich. Inf. l/20/1863

CONWAY, DENNIS Co. H 3rd Mich. Inf. 8/29/1862

COOK, AMOS Co. E 3rd Mich. Inf. 11/16/1862

COOK, OWEN Co. D 8th Mich. Inf. 6/3/1864

DAVID, DEXTER

DAVID, ORSON Co. D 27th Mich. Inf. 3/3/1865

DOUGLASS, FRANKLIN Co. A 21st Mich. Inf.

DOUGLASS, REUBEN Co. A 6th Mich. Cav. 3/2/1864

FELLOWS, ERASTUS Co. D 9th Mich. Inf. 3/15/1865

FOX, SIDNEY Co. K 3rd Mich. Inf. 10/20/1862

GOOCH, HORACE N. Co. B 6th Mich. Cav. 7/14/1863

HALL, CLARK Co. D 8th Mich. Inf. 9/1/1862

HALL, EDGAR A. Co. C 6th Mich. Cav. 5/19/1865

HALL, WILLIAM Co. M 7th Mich. Cav. 10/19/1863

HARRINGTON, HENRY Co. E 21st Mich. Inf. 2/10/1863

HENRY, AUSTIN Co. B 27th Mich. Inf. 8/27/1864

HOLLINGTON, THOMAS Co. C 1st Mich. Eng. 5/25/1862

HOPKINS, HORACE Co. E 7th Mich. Cav. 7/3/1863

HUNTER, ALBERT Co. A 6th Mich. Inf. 1/16/1863

KELLUM, ORVILLE Co. H 21st Mich. Inf. 12/21/1862

*KNAPP, JOSEPH E. Co. K 3rd Mich. Inf. 1861

LEWIS, EDMOND E. Co. K 4th Mich. Cav. 11/15/1862

*McCULLUM, ARCHIBOLD Co. F 5th Mich. Cav. 1864

MERRILL, DAVIS Co. A 10th Mich. Inf. 4/27/1864

MILLER, JOSEPH Co. C 3rd Mich. Inf. 6/7/1864

MITCHELL, JAMES L. Co. D 6th Mich. Cav. 4/4/1865

MONROE, DAVID Co. A 6^th Mich. Cav. 8/7/1864

MOORE, CHAUNCEY R. Co. E 21st Mich. Inf. 4/28/1863

MOORE, EZRA P. Co. A 6th Mich. Cav. 6/12/1864

NICHOLS, JARED Bty. A 1st Mich. Lt. Art. 1863

OGDEN, HIRAM Co. B 3rd Mich. Inf. 2/26/1865

PAYNE, WILLIAM C. Co. G 3rd Mich. Inf. 1865

PEAKS, FRANCIS A. Co. A 21st Mich. Inf. 4/3/1865

PETERS, IRA Co. E 14th Mich. Inf. 3/19/1865

PRESTON, PERRY Co. A 10th Mich. Cav. 12/20/1863

PRICE, SAMUEL Co. A 10th Mich. Cav. 5/4/1864

*RAYMER, MASON Co. D 8th N.Y.H.A.

*RAYMER, SANFORD Co. E 7th Mich.

ROBERTS, GEORGE Co. H 14th Mich. Inf. 5/5/1865

ROOT, NELSON E. Co. A 10th Mich. Cav. 3/1/1864

ROWE, NELSON Co. A 10th Mich. Cav. 10/11/1864

SEELEY, HARVEY Co. B 6th Mich. Cav. 11/15/1864

SHIPPY, FRANKLIN Co. E 14th Mich. Inf. 2/4/1865

SHIPPY, STEPHEN Co. D 11th Mich. Inf. 2/8/1862

STICKNEY, JEROME Co. I 16th Mich. Inf. 6/3/1865

SWAIN, DARWIN Co. A 6th Mich. Cav. 8/9/1864

*SWINER, ASSLETT Co. H 3rd Mich. Inf. 6/24/1862

TRASK, BENJAMIN Co. B 5th Mich. Inf. 4/20/1865

TRASK, WARREN Co. E 2nd Mich. Cav. 7/19/1864

TRUCKER, EPHRIAM Co. D 6th Mich. Cav. 10/19/1864

WALKER, HIRAM Co. A 20th Mich. Inf. 1863

WATERS, STEPHEN Co. D 8th Mich. Inf. 7/7/1864

WHEELER, JOHN Co. H 21st Mich. Inf. 4/15/1865

WHITMORE, HIRAM Co. ? 15th Mich. Inf. 5/5/1865

WILDER, EDWARD Co. K 3rd Mich. Inf. 10/9/1863

WILDER, WILLARD Co. A 10th Mich. Cav. 4/3/1865

WINANS, WILTON Co. D 9th Mich. Inf. 7/24/1865

"...It is for us, the living, to be dedicated to the unfinished work which they have thus far so nobly advanced. It is for us to be dedicated to the great task remaining before us, that from these honored dead we take increased devotion to the cause for which they gave their last full measure of devotion that we highly resolve that these dead shall not have died in vain that this nation, under God, shall have a new birth of Freedom and that government of the people, by the people, and f or the people shall not perish from the earth."

During the Civil War, some 385 men from Newaygo County marched off to preserve the Union. After extensive and intensive research, the Newaygo County Historical Society (1), has been able to identify over 380 of these men.

Following is their story, as told through the histories of the regiments in which they served. What happened to each soldier is shown in footnotes following the article (2).

Appended to the article is a map showing places mentioned in the article and a statistical analysis showing graphically Newaygo County's contribution and sacrifice to the North's cause.

The Federal census shows that Newaygo County in 1860 was a large but still largely unpopulated area. Its 2,760 inhabitants were concentrated in the lower half of the county, in settlements like Fremont Centre Bridgeton, Ashland, New aygo, Ensley, Croton, and Big Prairie. With the exception of Barton Township, the northern half of the county was unincorporated, and the current county seat (White Cloud), did not exist.

But it was a fast-growing area. The population doubled between 1850 and 1855, and almost tripled from 1855 to 1860. Pioneers were flocking to the county to take advantage of the boundless opportunities for farming and logging offered by the vast, undeveloped land. In 1860, 77% of the men of the county were farmers, 8% were loggers, and 8% were craftsmen (blacksmiths, carpenters, etc.). The county also had its share of lawyers, doctors, hotel keepers, merchants, and government workers.

But war clouds were gathering, and many Newaygans would be called to lay aside the plow or

axe and take up muskets. South Carolina seceded from the Union just before Christmas in 1860, followed quickly by the deep south (3).

On February 9, 1861, Jefferson Davis was sworn in as President of the new Confederate States of America, getting the jump on Abraham Lincoln by a month.

Lincoln took his oath of office on March 4, still hoping to bring the errant states back into the fold. But it was not to be. South Carolina demanded that the Federal forces vacate Fort Sumter. When the demand was refused, the South Carolinians opened fire on the fort. It surrendered on April 14.

Fort Sumter became the rallying cry, both north and south. Compromise was out of the question. It was time to pick sides, and four more Southern states (4) did, by joining the Confederacy

In the north, Fort Sumter was greeted with outrage and a demand to show the Southern rebels who was boss. A Union meeting held at Croton on April 18 was marked by the booming of a cannon, martial music, and speechifying by county notabl es. It ended with a resolution calling for the suppression of the rebellion.

Editor James H. Maze, in an editorial in The Newaygo Republican on April 25, called for enlistments and they were not long in coming. Two regiments of infantry had been raised on the east side of the state and Western Michigan was not a bout to sit idly by. In April and May, at least thirty-three Newaygans traveled down to Grand Rapids to enlist (5) in the 3rd Michigan Infantry, primarily in Companies H (a Muskegon unit) and K (a Grand Rapids unit). The first enlistee was Caleb WOOLPERT (on April 28), and twenty-eight men listed on May 13 alone.

The men of the 3rd were soon equipped, and riding the rails to Washington, D.C. They weren't in camp long before General McDowell began his advance on Richmond. The 3rd, sent on a reconnaissance, first came under fire at Blackburn's Ford on Bull Run on July 18. But this was but a skirmish compared to

the great battle that erupted upstream on July 21. The 3rd was only marginally involved, serving as the anchor for the Union Army's right flank. When McDowell's army fled in confusion, the 3rd acted as a rear guard in case the victoriou s rebels should follow. They didn't. The fighting was over for the 3rd this year.

On the home front, news of the disaster at Bull Run made it clear that the rebellion would not be crushed easily. More men were needed, and Newaygo County responded.

The 8th Michigan Infantry was now recruiting, and at least nine Newaygans joined Company D of that regiment in August and September (6). The Major of the regiment was Newaygo's Amasa B. WATSON. By October, the regiment was on ships boun d for South Carolina. We'll pick up their story later.

Most Newaygans (half of those who served during the war), not seeing the sense of walking when they could ride, joined the cavalry. The 2nd Michigan Cavalry was recruiting in Grand Rapids, and from August 27 to November 2, at least twen ty-one Newaygans went down to enlist, seventeen of them in Company E (7). The regiment left Grand Rapids for St. Louis, Missouri on November 14.

There were more Newaygans interested in joining the cavalry than there were Michigan cavalry units, so some men ended up joining Company K of the 1st New York (Lincoln) Cavalry (8).

Still other Newaygans joined the 1st Michigan Engineers and Mechanics (9) and several other regiments in 1861 (10).

While winter immobilized the armies in Virginia and the west, the 8th Michigan Infantry was getting its first taste of combat as part of the Federal campaign to seize Confederate installations on the Atlantic coast. The 8th was ther e when Port Royal, South Carolina fell on November 7, 1861. On New Years' Day, 1862, the regiment skirmished with the rebels at the Coosaw River on mainland South Carolina, driving them from Port Royal Ferry with the help of gunboats (11).

The regiment was on picket and reconnaissance duty (12) from then until June 16, when an unsuccessful assault was made on Secessionville, South Carolina (13). The following month the regiment was transported back to Virginia to join the Army of the Potomac.

Meanwhile, spring had come to Virgina and the Federal Army of the Potomac, under the command of George B. McClellan, was preparing for another assault on Richmond. In March, the 3rd Michigan Infantry, augmented by additional enliste rs from Newaygo County (14), boarded ships bound for Fort Monroe, on the peninsula

created by the Rappahannock River on the north and the James River on the south. McClellan proceeded to lay siege to Yorktown, but the Rebels slipped away on May 1. The pursuing Union Army was brought up short before Williamsburg on May 5.

Berry's Brigade (of which the 3rd Michigan was a part), was called on to blunt the Rebel counterattack, which it did in fine form (though the 3rd was only lightly engaged).

The Rebels retreated again, this time taking a stand beyond the Chickahominy River at Fair Oaks on May 31. Berry's Brigade again successfully bore the brunt of the Confederate attack, but at a terrible cost. The casualty rate for the 3r d Michigan was almost 50% (15). McClellan's campaign was stalled on the outskirts of Richmond.

While McClellan planned to change his supply base from the Rappahannock to the James River, Lee, (who had taken over from Joe Johnston, wounded at Fair Oaks), had plans of his own. He would strike the Yankees from the north, on t heir right flank, and roll up the Yankee line like a rug.

Opening what would be called the "Seven Days Battle", the attack commenced on June 26 at Mechanicsville. That the Federal Army had to give way was a foregone conclusion, the only question being whether the Federals would escape or be an nihilated in White Oak Swamp. Berry's Brigade, posted at the former center of the Union line, was instrumental in allowing the rest of the army to retreat safely. In a fierce fight on June 30 at Charles City Crossroads, the brigade (with the 3rd as the la st regiment engaged), succeeded in repulsing the Rebel pursuers.

The next day, the Union Army reached the James River with its artillery and troops drawn up on Malvern Hill. It proved to be an impregnable position, as Confederate attacks were shattered against the barking artillery (16). The Union Ar my was safe but out of reach of Richmond. So ended the "Peninsula Campaign".

McClennan had failed, so Lincoln decided to give a chance to John Pope who had previously served in the west. Most of McClellan's army, including the 3rd Michigan Infantry and the 8th Michigan Infantry (back from the Carolinas), was tra nsported to Northern Virginia to find Jackson's army, which had recently raided Centerville and was menacing Washington.

Jackson's army was found near Sudley's Ford over the Bull Run (the site of the Union disaster the previous year). The 3rd and 8th Michigan were posted on the far right of the Union line, anchored on Bull Run. On August 29, Jackson's tro ops hit the division to which the 8th Michigan belonged. As they gave way, Phil Kearny's division (including the Third Michigan), took their place. D. G. Crotty of the Third described the action: The firing commences on our left and soon comes a long to the center and extends away to the right. All along the line the battle rages fiercely. We lie quietly by, taking the rebel shells and balls that come over our men who are engaged in front. For a time neither party has much the advantage. There seems to be a weak point a short ways from us, to the left, and our regiment is taken away from the brigade to fill up the place. The troops now in our front are hard pressed, for we can tell by the firing th at is coming back. Looking ahead into the woods we see our men coming over a hill, followed close by the rebels. Our flying comrades form in line with us. The rebels halt and fire. The order forward is given. Marching by the flank we come to an old railro ad embankment. Front, dress to the right, and over the railroad, is heard, and each man jumps on to the embankment. The enemy on the other side blaze away, but fire at random, and very few of us are vet harmed. Charge bayonets is the order, and down comes the cold steel, which the rebels cannot stand, and they are driven pell-mell through the woods. We open a vigorous fire on their rear, and many of them

The "severe loss" included some seven men from Newaygo County, the worst suffered by the county during the entire war (17).

The next day, Longstreet arrived from Richmond and proceeded to roll up the Union left flank. Once again the Federal Army was forced to retreat from Bull run, and once again the 3rd Michigan Infantry acted as a rear guard.

Following up on their victory, the Confederates hurried north in an attempt to cut off the Federal retreat. At Chantilly on September 1, in the midst of a terrible thunderstorm, the Rebels collided with General Isaac I. Steven's division (to which the 8th Michigan Infantry belonged). Steven was killed and here, as at Groveton, Kearny's division with the 3rd Michigan came to the rescue (1 7A). But later that night, Kearny blundered into the Rebel lines and was himself killed.

While McClellan took over from Pope, Lee confined northward into Maryland. The decimated 3rd remained behind on picket and reconnaissance duty while the 8th Michigan accompanied the troops sent to intercept Lee. The 8th collided wit h part of Lee's forces at South Mountain on September 14, and three days later took part in the terrible conflict near Sharpsburg, on Antietam Creek. The outnumbered Rebels were forced to retreat to Virginia. McClellan did not pursue.

Not all of the boys from Newaygo County were fighting in the east in 1862. In November, 1861, the 2nd Michigan Cavalry was sent to the western theatre, and the 1st Michigan Engineers and Mechanics were sent to Kentucky the following mon th.

In March, 1862, the 2nd Cavalry was operating in Missouri, in the successful siege of Island No. 10.

In early April, Albert Sidney Johnston's Rebel Army left Corinth, Mississippi and surprised Grant's forces at Pittsburgh Landing. Bridges built by the 1st Michigan Engineers and Mechanics enabled Buell's troops to reach Pittsburgh Landi ng in time to save Grant's Army from annihilation.

In May, the Federal Army pursued the Rebels (now under P.T.G. Beauregard) to Corinth, forcing them to abandon that city on May 30. During that campaign, and during the remainder of the summer in Northern Alabama, and in Mississippi, the 1st Engineers were busy building bridges and corduroy

roads and repairing tracks, while the Second Cavalry harried Beauregard's rear.

On July 1 at Boonville, Mississippi, Chalmer's Rebel Cavalry decided to show the 2nd Michigan Cavalry (now under the command of Philip H. Sheridan) who was boss. However, though numbering less than a thousand, Sheridan's troops succeede d in routing Chalmer's force of 5000 rebel cavalry, thanks to Colt repeating rifles and a simultaneous charge on the front and rear of the rebel lines.

The war had been going on for a year, yet the South was little closer to defeat than when the war started. More troops were needed, so the call again went out. Although there were some volunteers in the spring and summer of 1862 (18), r ecruiting did not begin in earnest until August. That is when recruiting began for the 21st Michigan Infantry. At least eleven Newaygans joined in August, mostly in Company E (19), and on September 12, the regiment left Ionia for Kentucky.

True to form, even more Newaygans joined the cavalry. After filling the vacancies in the 2nd Michigan Cavalry (20), some thirty Newaygans joined the 6th Michigan Cavalry, all but three of them in Companies A and B (21). Due to slow recr uitment, the regiment did not leave

Grand Rapids until December 10, when it set out for Washington as part of the Michigan Cavalry Brigade. Also part of the Brigade was the 7th Michigan Cavalry, which included at least seven Newaygans (22).

Newaygans also enlisted in several other units in the latter part of 1862 (28).

The new recruits in the 2nd Michigan Cavalry and the green troops of the 21st Michigan Infantry arrived at the front just in time to help blunt Braxton Bragg's invasion of Kentucky.

The armies met at Perryville on October 8. The 2nd Michigan Cavalry was involved early in the fray, smashing a rebel attack with the help of the 2nd Missouri. But the Rebel line reformed after the rest of Bragg's Army camp up. The 21st Michigan Infantry, detailed to support Barnett's battery, came under fire for the first time (24). Even the 1st Michigan Engineers took up arms, supporting Loomis' battery, 1st Michigan Light Artillery.

Perryville was a tactical victory for the Rebels, but a strategic defeat. Unable to achieve anything with the Federal Army arrayed before him, Bragg withdrew to Tennessee. The 2nd Michigan Cavalry spent the rest of October nipping at Br agg's heels until recalled. The 1st Mechanics, meanwhile, were sent to Nashville.

Displeased at General Buell's failure to pursue Bragg, Lincoln replaced him with William S. Rosecrans. "Rosy" put the army (including the 1st Michigan Engineers, and the 21st Michigan Infantry), in motion into Tennessee.

Bragg's Army left Chattanooga to stop Rosecrans. While the 2nd Michigan Cavalry was sent with General Carter on a raid into Eastern Tennessee, the rest of the Federal Army of the Cumberland collided with the Confederates at Stone 's River near Murfreesboro on December 29. On December 31, Bragg attacked the Yankee right flank, smashing the first two divisions. The third division, commanded by Philip Sheridan (former Colonel of the 2nd Michigan Cavalry) and including the 21st Michig an Infantry, was a tougher nut to crack. Three times the Rebels charged and three times they were repulsed. Only after running out of ammunition did Sheridan withdraw, having suffered heavy casualties (25). The time bought by Sheridan allowed Rosecrans to realign his forces and stabilize the Union right.

Battery A, 1^st Michigan Light Artillery

The next day, January 1, 1863, while the two great armies were quiescent, the 1st Michigan Engineers got a chance to show they were as handy with a rifle as with an axe. Three thousand of Wheeler's Rebel Cavalry attempted to capture the Union baggage train, but 315 Michigan Engineers fought them off.

The battle of Murfreesboro renewed on January 2, this time on the Union left (the 21st Michigan Infantry was not engaged). After an unsuccessful attack, Bragg withdrew 36 miles to winter quarters, while Rosecrans settled down where he was.

Murfreesboro was not the only battle fought in the winter of 1862. In the east, McClellan had been fired once and for all, and

his successor (Ambrose Burnside) hatched a plan to race Lee to the Rappahannock and push across toward Richmond before Lee could concentrate his forces.

Burnside reached the Rappahannock in early December, but then sat on his hands while Lee's forces filed into line in Fredericksburg across the river. Not until December 11 did Burnside's Army (including the 3rd and 8th Michigan Infantry ) cross the Rappahannock over recently laid pontoon bridges.

The attack got under way on December 13. While the Union center and right were hurling themselves against the stone wall at the base at Marye's Heights, the 3rd Michigan was on the left, supporting Battery C of the 5th U.S. Artillery an d fighting off a Rebel counterattack. The assault on Marye's Heights was a bloody failure and the Union Army withdrew across the river on December 15. The war in the east was over for the winter.

Burnside's last official act after Fredericksburg was sending the army of the Potomac on an ineffectual tramp thru the mud and sleet of wintertime Virginia on January 20. Burnside was replaced by Joseph Hooker in a matter of days.

Aside from this "mud march", the army (including the 3^rd Michigan Infantry) lay in winter quarters until April 28, when it broke camp for the Rapidan. Sickles' 3rd Corps (including the 3rd Michigan) crossed over at the tail e nd of the army on May 1 and went into line near Chancellorsville, in the midst of a forest. On May 2, the regiment attacked but soon found itself cut off. Jackson's troops had marched around to the west and attacked the 11th Corps on the Union right flank , driving it in confusion. The regiment fought its way back to the main body, and that evening took part in a bizarre night attack on, they soon discovered, their own troops. The attack may not have been a total waste, however, because the noise made the Rebels nervous and so may have contributed to their firing on "Stonewall" Jackson that night. He died eight days later.

21^st Michigan by Matthew Brady

Troops of the 21^st Michigan Infantry

Members of the 21^st Michigan Infantry

The Federals were now in secure positions, and the Rebels desisted from further attacks. On May 6, the Union Army withdrew across the Rapidan, having achieved nothing for its trouble.

Lee's Army was soon on the march, heading north, and the Army of the Potomac started in pursuit. The Michigan Cavalry Brigade (including the 6th and 7th Michigan Cavalry regiments (27)) broke camp on June 25 with the orders t o find Lee. While en route, command of the brigade passed to George Armstrong Custer, and George Gordon Meade replaced Hooker as commander of the Army of the Potomac.

On June 30, Custer's Brigade saw its first combat near Hanover, Pennsylvania. Rebel cavalry threw the 5th and 6th Michigan Cavalry out of Hanover and the brigade was hard pressed until the Rebels withdrew, leaving Hanover to Custer (28) .

The brigade again collided with the Rebels at Hunterstown, Pennsylvania, on July 2. After an attack by Company A of the 6th Cavalry was repulsed, the Rebel counterattack was smashed by an enfilading fire from the other companies. The ot her regiments of the brigade (including the 7th Cavalry) were only lightly engaged.

Meanwhile, the 3rd Michigan Infantry (as part of Sickles' Corps) broke camp on June 11 and arrived at Gettysburg on July 2. The situation was desperate. The Rebels had already driven the Union forces through the town to Cemetery Hill, a nd further south were menacing the Union left flank at the Emmitsburg Pike. Sickles threw his forces to the pike into a peach orchard with the 3rd Michigan deployed as skirmishers. After some of the most severe fighting experienced by the 3rd Michigan (28 A), the corps withdrew to Cemetery Ridge.

D.G. Crotty of the 3rd Michigan wrote: We are fighting in a peach orchard, and they make it very hot for us. Their artillery do some fearful execution among our ranks, and frequently we have to lie very low. The battle rages fearfull y along the lines. On our part of the lines we are hard pushed Our gallant Sickles falls wounded, and is borne off the field. Our division and corps feel disheartened at this, and we feel a little panic stricken. Our Colonel, Byron R. Pierce, is wounded W e lose a good many men. The rebels push us so hard that we have to give way. They pour their balls and shells like hail around us. We still get back, and everything looks bad for us. Making our way back, and getting on top of a round hill, an officer ride s up, General Williams of Michigan, and begs of us, for God's sake, to form a line right there, for if the enemy gained this hill the army would be in great danger. Palling into line in an instant, end facing the rebels, we pour volley after volley into t hem. They falter. We load and fire. Some of them commence to skedaddle, more follow, when all them up and dust. We chase them into their own line* ending the fighting on our part of the lines.

The following day, July 3, was Pickett's grand but futile charge at Cemetery Ridge. Crotty described the scene: About four o'clock in the afternoon, a tremendous fire is opened on us by the enemy, with all their artillery. We lie down and hug mother earth, knowing just what is coming next, as a heavy firing like that is always a prelude to a charge by the enemy. The rebels, after a ten minutes cannonade, cease firing. We raise our heads over the works, and a sight meets our gaze that none who saw it will ever forget. Line after line of rebel infantry emerge from the woods in our front, and it is evident that they are coming on their last charge. All our guns are doubleshotted with schrapnell, grape and cannister, ready to pour in to the approaching masses. The charge is to be made a short distance to our right, and we watch the whole proceedings from where we are. The rebel masses come up as cool as if on parade, and our men coolly wait for their coming. Ready, is the order, and t he enemy are within one hundred yards of our line. They come closer still, all yelling and making a horrible noise. Our men stand their ground, and all are ready to repel the attack. The enemy are almost up to our works when the order is given to fire; ar tillery and infantry pour their deadly missiles into their solid ranks. More than half of those animated masses are made to bite the dust. For a moment the men in the rear are non-plussed, and some fly back, only to be killed by the unerring aim of our me n. The survivors are desperate, and keep forward on their forlorn hope, only to be slaughtered as they come (29).

While Pickett's charge was being broken at the Union center, Custer's Cavalry Brigade was posted two miles east of Gettysburg, supporting Battery M of the 2nd U.S. Artillery, when the Rebels attempted to turn that flank. The 5th Mic higan Cavalry, after exhausting its ammunition, was forced to retire. A charge by the 7th Michigan Cavalry broke the Rebel attack, but then the 7th too was compelled to fall back (30). The 1st Michigan Cavalry then took over, routing the enemy once and fo r all. The 6th Michigan Cavalry played only a supporting role.

Custer's Brigade was detailed to pursue Lee's retreating army. Between July 7 and July 14, the brigade was in almost daily contact with the enemy in Maryland (31). On July 14, it caught Lee's rear guard crossing the Potomac at Falling W aters, Maryland. Companies C and D of the 6th Michigan Cavalry were deployed as skirmishers while Companies B and F charged the Rebel breastworks (32). They were at first repulsed but, reinforced by the rest of the brigade, carried the works and drove the Rebels to the river (see illustration). Three Confederate flags and many Rebel soldiers were captured.

Aside from a few more skirmishes in July (33), Custer's Brigade did not see action again until mid-September, when it was involved in a series of engagements in and around Culpepper Courthouse, Virginia (34). On October 9, the Rebels at tacked Kilpatrick's division (which included Custer's Brigade), forcing it to withdraw to James City, Virginia on October 10. The Union Cavalry continued to retreat to Brandy Station where, on October 11, the Rebels surrounded Custer's brigade. With the 6 th and 7th Michigan Cavalry holding the rear, the 1st and 5th charged, cutting their way to the Rappahannock.

On October 15, the division began a reconnaissance from Bull Run down the Warrenton Pike. The second brigade drove Stuart's Rebel Cavalry to Gainsville on October 18, and on the 19th, Custer's first brigade took over the pursuit. Stuart made a stand at Buckland's Mills, but Custer flanked him out of that position. The 7th Michigan Cavalry was engaged on the right (35), when a large force of Rebel infantry attacked, driving in the 6th Michigan Cavalry (who were engaged as skirmish ers (36)) and cutting off part of the 5th Cavalry. The division was forced to retreat to Gainsville.

Two more skirmishes (37) marked the end of fighting for Custer's brigade in 1863.

Meanwhile, after Gettysburg, the 3rd Michigan Infantry was involved in only a few minor engagements: Wapping Heights, Virginia on July 23 (where the regiment drove Lee's rear guard off a ridge); and Locust Grove, Virginia on October 1.

On October 9, Lee began advancing northwest along the Rapidan in an attempt to gain Meade's right flank. After a fight on October 14 at Bristoe Station, Lee withdrew to the Rappahannock. On November 7, DeTrobriand's Brigade (including t he 3rd Michigan Infantry) forced a crossing at Kelly's Ford. His line of defense breached, Lee was forced to withdraw to the Rapidan, where he was on October 9.

On November 26, Meade took the offensive, reaching Mine Run (a creek west of the Chancellorsville battlefield) on November 27. After a few skirmishes on the way (38), the 3rd Michigan crossed Mine Run and attacked. Although taking three lines of rifle pits, the regiment had to fall back for lack of support (39). Unable to dislodge the Rebels, the Federal Army withdrew to its winter quarters.

While Newaygans in the 3rd Michigan Infantry and the Michigan Cavalry Brigade were fighting Lee in the east, in the west Newaygans in the 8th and 21st Infantry, the 2nd Michigan Cavalry, and the 1st Engineers and Mechanics were figh ting Braxton Bragg's Army of the Tennessee.

THE 8th MICHIGAN

When we last left the 8th Michigan Infantry, they were at Fredericksburg in December of 1862. In March of 1863, the regiment was detached from the Army of the Potomac and sent to Kentucky until June 22, when it was sent to Vi cksburg as part of the 9th Corps. Vicksburg was under siege and was finally starved out on July 4 (the day after Pickett's charge at Gettysburg).

After the fall of Vicksburg, the regiment moved with Grant's Army to Jackson, Mississippi, forcing the Rebels to evacuate that city on July 16.

The regiment then marched to Eastern Tennessee, where it spent the rest of 1863. With the exception of a skirmish at Blue Springs on October 10, things were pretty quiet until November 14, when Confederate General Longstreet began his m ove on Knoxville. Outnumbered, the Union forces withdrew to Knoxville, the 8th Michigan fighting a rearguard action at Campbell's Station on November 16. The regiment was holed up in Knoxville from November 17 until December 5, when the siege was broken.< /P>

THE

After the battle of Murfreesboro in January, 1863, Rosecran's Army of the Cumberland went into winter quarters there. For seven months, the 21st Michigan did little but skirmish and stand picket, while the 1st Michigan Engineers built b ridges and buildings, and repaired railroad tracks in the Nashville area.

During this time, the 2nd Michigan Cavalry was engaged in reconnaissance and skirmishing around Murfreesboro, meeting the enemy twelve times during the seven months (40).

Finally, on August 14, the Federal Army broke camp and began its advance on Chattanooga, with the 2nd Cavalry among those scouting ahead of the army.

Sheridan's division, with the 21st Michigan in the lead, crossed the Tennessee River at Bridgeport, Alabama on September 2 (after the 1st Michigan Engineers and Mechanics had laid a pontoon bridge to replace one the Rebels had burned). With the Union Army menacing him from the south, Bragg was forced to evacuate Chattanooga on September 8.

On September 18, the Union Army was arrayed parallel to Chickamauga Creek in Georgia. The 2nd Cavalry and Sheridan's division (which included the 21st Michigan) were on the far right of the Union line, at Crawfish Springs.

On September 19 the battle of Chickamauga opened with an attack on the Rebel right. The Rebels responded with an attack on the Union center. The Union right was called in to lend a hand, so Sheridan's division marched from Crawfish Spri ngs to Lee and Gordon's Mill, to a position opposite Hall's Ford, skirmishing all the way.

As night closed the first day's battle, the Union right pulled in further, with the 21st Michigan taking up a position at the widow Glenn's house, on the far right of the Union line.

On the 20th, the Union left desperately fought off Confederate attempts to turn that flank. But the battle was lost when Wood's division pulled out of line to reinforce the left, leaving a gap in the Union center which the Confederates immediately exploited. The Union right, including the 21st Michigan Infantry, attempted to close the gap. But after bitter hand to hand combat in which the regiment suffered 50% casualties (including Colonel McCreary, who was wounded and captured). The Un ion right (including the 2nd Michigan Cavalry, which was also heavily engaged (41)) was forced to retreat to Rossville to the north.

The retreat of the Union Army was covered by General George H. Thomas, who continued to fight off the Rebels at Snodgrass Hill, earned his title "The Rock of Chickamauga".

Rosecran's Army (turned over to General Thomas on October 1) took up residence in Chattanooga, bottled up by Bragg's Army of Tennessee. Not needed in a combat role, the 21st Michigan Infantry was assigned to engineering duty with the 1s t Michigan Engineers and Mechanics. Food was scarce in besieged Chattanooga. The men were put on half rations, and horses and mules were dying of starvation. Thanks to a pontoon bridge laid at Brown's Ferry on October 26 by the Michigan Engineers and 21st Infantry, a supply line was opened.

General Grant took command of the western forces on October 19 and had soon laid plans for a break-out from Chattanooga. The plan was put into operation on November 23, when Sheridan's and Wood's divisions (without the 21st Michigan) to ok possession of Orchard Knob to the east of Chattanooga. The next day, General Hooker's troops flanked the Rebels off Lookout Mountain, south of the city. Finally, on the 25th, Sherman's troops attacked the Confederate right while Sheridan and Wood attac ked the Rebel Center on Missionary Ridge. To everyone's surprise, they took the ridge, completely routing Bragg's Army. The siege of Chattanooga was broken.

Meanwhile, the 2nd Cavalry was sent north, where they were involved in several skirmishes in Middle (42) and Eastern (43) Tennessee.

By the summer of 1863, Michigan had fielded nine regiments of cavalry, but more were forthcoming. John H. STANDISH, a 44-year-old lawyer and veteran of the 1st Texas Cavalry who had come to Brooks Township in 1852, decided he could no l onger stand aside while the war raged on. So Standish went to Grand Rapids to secure a cavalry captain's commission, then opened a recruiting office at Brooks. We don't know what his secret was, but Standish definitely had a talent for recruiting. He sign ed up some 14 Newaygans in a three day period in July (44), and 30 more in August (45). Ten more Newaygans enlisting in September and October (46) brought the company up to full strength.

Company A of the 10th Michigan Cavalry, the only unit to be manned and commanded by Newaygans, was mustered into service on November 18. Standish was the Captain, with Muskegon's Henry W. Sears as 1st Lieutenant, and Newaygo's Wallace W . DICKINSON as 2nd Lieutenant. The regiment soon went south, spending December, 1863 and January, 1864 at Camp Nelson, Kentucky. We'll pick up their story later.

When the first draft lottery was drawn in July, 1863, riots erupted in New York City. To prevent a repeat of the rioting, troops (including the 3rd Michigan Infantry) were sent to New York. In August, with the 3rd Michigan on hand, the lottery in New York City and later in Troy, New York, went off quietly.

One cause of the opposition to the draft was the fact that a rich man could easily avoid it, either by paying $300, or by hiring a substitute. Several Newaygans hired substitutes (47). Nor was opposition to the draft unknown in Newaygo County. Paul Mills MacDonald tells the story of his ancestor, William Douglass, who, when drafted, simply refused to go. He objected that he had a family to support and pointed out that Uncle Sam already had his four brothers. The sheriff went out to arre st William, but nothing ever came of it.

However, most of those drafted went. At least eight draftees from Newaygo County were mustered into the service in October and November, 1863, all but one (48) assigned to the 4th Michigan Cavalry (49).

Several more Newaygans avoided the draft in 1863 by enlisting in the unit of their choice (a choice denied to draftees (50)).

While more Newaygans were going off to war, others were coming home, at least temporarily. At least five Newaygans reenlisted in the 3rd Michigan Infantry on Christmas Eve, 1863 (51), and were soon on their way home for a 30 day "vetera n's furlough."

1864: THE WAR IN THE EAST THE PETERSBURG CAMPAIGN

As spring came to Virginia in 1864, the Federal Army (now under the command of General Grant) prepared for yet another campaign to Richmond. Newaygans took part in this campaign as members of the 3rd, 8th and 27th Michigan Infantry regiments.

The 8th Michigan Infantry, after its involvement in the siege of Knoxville, Tennessee in December, 1863, was sent home on a veteran's furlough. In March, 1864, the regiment returned to the front, but this time in Virginia.

The 27th Michigan Infantry, also lately from the siege of Knoxville, and recently augmented by at least six recruits from Newaygo County (52), arrived in Virginia in April.

Both the 8th and the 27th joined the Army of the Potomac as part of the 1st Brigade, 3rd division of Burnside's IX Corps.

Meanwhile, the 3rd Michigan Infantry was already in Virginia, as part of the 3rd Brigade, 3rd Division of Hancock's II Corps.

On May 4, the 3rd Michigan crossed the Rapidan and, after crossing the site of the Chancellorsville battle the year before, was rushed into battle, to the relief of Warrens's Corps, late in the day on May 5.

The next day the "Battle of the Wilderness" resumed, with the 3rd Michigan taking 3 lines of breastworks, but being forced to withdraw for lack of support. Crotty described the action:

At least four Newaygans in the 3rd were casualties in this fight (53).

Meanwhile, the IX Corps (including the 8th and 27th Michigan Infantry) crossed the Rapidan on May 5, and the following day was put in line between Warren's and Hancock's Corps just in time to blunt a Rebel attack.

Unable to make headway at the wilderness, Grant attempted to cut around Lee's right, attacking at Spotsylvania on May 12. The 3rd Michigan Infantry, posted on the far left of the Federal line, attacked at daybreak and succeeded in takin g three lines of Rebel works

(54). The 8th and 27th were also successful, taking some Rebel trenches and fighting off Rebel attempts to retake them.

After the bloody contest at Spotsylvania, Lee withdrew again, south of the North Anna River. On May 23 and 24, the Federals forced crossings on the right and left (the 3rd Michigan on the left). In the center, Burnside's Corps (includin g the 8th and 27th Michigan Infantry) was stalled north of the river. Finding Lee in a good defensive position, on May 26 Grant's Army withdrew north of the river and sought to flank Lee to the east.

But again Lee interposed his army between Richmond and the Union Army, this time at Cold Harbor, south of Totopotomy Creek. Burnside's Corps, (including the 8th and 27th Michigan) on the Union right charged the Rebel works, but was repu lsed with heavy loss (55).

The 3rd Michigan, though engaged briefly at Totopotomy Creek on May 31, did not see action at Cold Harbor: it was in the midst of a reorganization. Since not enough men of the 3rd had reenlisted, the regiment was being disbanded. Those whose three year term of enlistment had expired were sent home to be mustered out (56), while four companies of men who had reenlisted were transferred to the 5th Michigan Infantry (5 7) (a regiment from the Detroit area that had brigaded with the 3rd sin ce the fall of 1861).

After the repulse at Cold Harbor, Grant bypassed Richmond for the more strategically important Petersburg to the south. Attacks were launched in an attempt to breach the Rebel works there, but to no avail. The 5th Michigan Infantry's as sault on June 16 was unsuccessful. On June 17 the 8th Michigan took some Rebel works, but was thrown back (58). On June 18, the 5th took two lines of works, was shifted to another part of the line, attacked, but made no headway. Finally, on June 22, an at tack by the 5th followed by a Rebel counterattack left the regiment in the same position as before the attacks (59).

The initial assaults having failed, the Union Army settled down to what would turn out to be ten months of trench warfare, with only an ineffectual attack now and then to relieve the boredom.

The 5th Michigan Infantry participated in one such attack on July 27 and 28 at Deep Bottom (on the James River between Petersburg and Richmond). Achieving nothing, the regiment returned on July 30 to its trenches on the left of the Unio n line.

That same day, there was a huge explosion at the center of the Confederate lines. A mine placed by the Yankees had been detonated to breach the Rebel works. Union troops (including the 8th & 27th Michigan Infantry) poured into the c rater created by the blast. But once in, they had no place to go. Confusion and slaughter caused by Rebel shelling reigned until the Union forces escaped back to their own lines.

In mid-August, the 5th (augmented by some new recruits from Newaygo County) (60) left their trenches for another attempt to break the Rebel lines between Petersburg and Richmond. On August 16, with the 5th deployed as flankers, an unsuc cessful attack was made on the Rebel works at Strawberry Plains (just east of Deep Bottom).

Meanwhile, on August 18, the Union Army cut the Weldon railroad running south out of Petersburg. On the 19th, the 8th and 27th Michigan Infantry fought off Rebel attempts to retake the railroad. Fighting continued here for the next few days (61).

Another Union push to the west began at the end o' September, in which the 5th, 8th and 27th all participated.

These regiments met the enemy at Poplar Springs Church and Peeble's Farm on September 30. On October 2, the 8th and 27th fought the Rebels at Pegram's Farm on the Boydton Plank Road, and again on that road on October 8.

Another push began at the end of October with the 8th Michigan Infantry engaged at Hatcher's Run on the South Side Railroad on October 27 and 28. Meanwhile, the 5th Michigan Infantry attacked the Confederate right at the Boydton Plank R oad on October 27 (62), but was repulsed. "Of course, it would not be gallant to say that anybody run,'' reported D.G. Crotty, "but if there was any tall walking done during the war, we did it crossing that field." The rest of 1864 was spent in the trench es.

While the infantry was still in winter quarters north of the Rapidan, an ambitious plan was being put into motion. On February 28, 1864, selected cavalry units (including the 6th and 7th Michigan Cavalry) under the command of Genera l Kilpatrick proceeded south to Richmond to free Union prisoners at Libby Prison. While not achieving its objective (the Yankees were stopped five miles short of Richmond on March 2, and had to escape down the peninsula (63)), "Kilpatrick's Raid" has gone down in history for its daring.

During the Battle of the Wilderness on May 6, the 6th Cavalry was involved in a skirmish with Rebel cavalry at the Brock Pike/Furnace Road (64).

On May 9, Sheridan's Cavalry Corps began a raid to Richmond, capturing Beaver Dam Station that same day. By May 11, the division had reached Yellow Tavern, just north of Richmond. There, Custer's Cavalry Brigade (including the 6th and 7 th Michigan Cavalry) succeeded in flanking the Rebels out of one position (killing J.E.B. Stuart in the process), but failed to dislodge them from another. The next day, the brigade forced a crossing of the Chickahominy at Meadow Bridge, and completed the raid at Malvern Hill on May 13.

At the end of May, Custer's Brigade was fighting just south of the Pamunky River, routing the enemy at Milford (near Hanover) on May 27, at Hawes Shop on May 28, and at Old Church (near Cold Harbor) on May 30 (where the 7th Cavalry was engaged but the 6th held in reserve).

In June, the brigade was sent west, toward Trevillian Station, Virginia. Rebel cavalry attacked the brigade on June 11, cutting the column and forcing it to form a circle to fight off the Rebels (65). The other brigades came to Custer's rescue. The next day, the division advanced toward Gordonsville, with the 6th and 7th Michigan Cavalry in the advance. After a stiff fight (65a), the division failed to dislodge the enemy, and withdrew on the 13th.

On July 31, the Michigan Cavalry Brigade was ordered to the Shenandoah Valley under General Phil Sheridan. Between August 11 and September 4, the brigade, scouting ahead of the army, was engaged in various skirmishes between Harpers Ferry and Winchester (66).

Later in September, Sheridan began in earnest to drive Early's Rebel Army out of the valley. On September 19, his infantry attacked Winchester from the east. The attack was stalemated until, partly as a result of his famed ride, the tro ops rallied. Meanwhile, north of Winchester, Custer's Cavalry forced a crossing of Opaquan Creek (with the 7th Michigan unsuccessfully charging a ford while the 6th Michigan laid down a covering fire) and began advancing down the Martinsburg Pike toward W inchester. Custer described the scene: At this time five brigades of cavalry were moving on parallel lines... the line of brigades, as they advanced across the open country, the bands playing the national airs, presented in the sunlight, one moving mas s of glistening satires. This, combined with the various and bright colored banners and battle-flags, intermingled here and there with the plain blue uniforms of the troops, furnished one of the most inspiring as well as imposing scenes of martial grandeu r ever witnessed upon a battle field.

The Union Cavalry was then confronted by the Confederates' ... entire cavalry force, composed of the divisions of Lomax and Fitz Hugh Lee ... The enemy... advanced from the woods and charged our line of skirmishers... Our skirmis hers were forced back, and a portion of my brigade was pushed forward to their support. The enemy relied solely upon the carbine and pistol; my men preferred the sabre. A short but closely contested struggle ensued, which resulted in the repulse of the en emy.

The Union Cavalry soon reached the Rebel infantry, dug in before Winchester. Waiting until the Federal infantry had flushed the Rebels out of their trenches, Custer... gave the command to charge... The 1st, 5th, 6th and 7t h Michigan with a portion of the 25th New York, advanced in one line, most of the command using the sabre alone... The enemy, upon our approach, turned and delivered a well-directed volley of musketry, but before a second discharge could be given m y command was in their midst, sabering right and left, and capturing prisoners more rapidly than they could be disposed of... My command... captured over 700 prisoners, including 52 officers; also 7 battle flags...

After the defeat at Winchester, Early's last gasp was at Fisher's Hill on September 22 (67). Early was driven from the valley, and the brigade began a raid down the south fork of the Shenandoah to Port Republic, then back up the north fork toward Winchester (68), laying waste to the valley as they went.

Recruitment during the first part of 1864 was slow in Newaygo County, only nineteen men enlisting the first seven months (69). Enlistment picked up beginning in August, with some thirty-nine Newaygans signing up from August to October i n the 6th Michigan Cavalry (69a), the 10th Michigan Cavalry (70), the 21st Michigan Infantry (71), the 14th Michigan Infantry (72), the 3rd Michigan Infantry (reorganized) (73), and some other units (74).

Those not quick enough about enlisting found themselves drafted and assigned to the 13th (75), 23rd (75a), 9th (76), 15th (77), and 8th (78) Michigan Infantry regiments.

At the close of 1863 the 2nd Michigan Cavalry was in Eastern Tennessee. After a few skirmishes there in January, 1864 (79), the regiment was out of action while the troopers who had reenlisted (80) were given a thirty day veterans furlo ugh, returning in May.

Meanwhile, the Newaygans drafted into the 4th Michigan Cavalry (81) joined the regiment (82) on February 28, 1864 at Nashville, where the regiment was being reequipped and rearmed with Spencer breech loading carbines.

In early May the 2nd and 4th Cavalry joined Sherman's Army in its Atlanta campaign, meeting the enemy several times between Rome and Marietta, Georgia in May and June (83).

In July, the 4th Michigan Cavalry was sent to raid the Augusta railroad east of Atlanta, skirmishing with the Rebels several times (84).

On July 22, the siege of Atlanta began, and from August 1 to 14, the 4th Michigan Cavalry served as infantry in the trenches. On August 18 the 4th Cavalry left on a daring raid around Atlanta. They clashed with the Rebels daily (85), go ing without sleep until safely back within Union lines on August 23.

Atlanta fell on September 2, and that month and the next the 4th Cavalry was in northern Georgia, picketing, skirmishing, and harassing Hood's Rebel Army (which had begun marching northwest in an effort to draw Sherman out of Georgia). On October 26, the 4th left for Louisville, Kentucky to be reequipped, arriving back in Nashville on January 8, 1865.

On January 27, 1864, the 21st Michigan Infantry was placed in an "Engineer's Brigade" along with the 1st Michigan Engineers and Mechanics. From then until the end of September, the brigade was scattered over Tennessee, building brid ges, maintaining railroads, running sawmills and constructing buildings.

In early July, the 2nd Michigan Cavalry was sent from the Atlanta Campaign to guard the railroads between Nashville and Rutherford's Creek. At the beginning of September, Wheeler's Cavalry was menacing Nashville, but the 2nd Cavalry hel ped drive him off (86).

At the end of September, the 1st Michigan Engineers and Mechanics were sent to Atlanta to work on fortifications. The 21st Michigan Infantry was relieved from engineering duty and sent to Nashville.

At this time, Rebel raiders (this time under Forrest) were once again threatening Nashville. The 2nd Michigan Cavalry and the 21st Michigan Infantry were both part of the Federal forces sent to run Forrest to ground. The 2nd Cavalry fou ght the Rebels at Franklin on September 27 and Cypress River on October 7. The pursuit ended at Florence, Alabama, whence the 21st Michigan Infantry was sent to Rome, Georgia to join Sherman's Army.

No sooner had Forrest been driven out of Tennessee than the entire Rebel Army appeared on the scene. Hood thought that Sherman would have to leave Georgia if the Confederates took Nashville. The 2nd Michigan Cavalry (less several Newayg ans whose terms of enlistment had expired (87)), detailed to determine Hood's whereabouts, clashed with his avant garde several times during November and was forced to retire each time (88).

On November 30, a pitched battle was fought at Franklin, Tennessee. Schofield's Union forces withdrew that night, but not until after severely damaging Hood's Army of Tennessee (which he had foolishly thrown against well-entrenched Yank ees).

When Hood finally reached Nashville, his forces were so depleted that General Thomas' Union forces were able to completely route them on December 15. The 2nd Michigan Cavalry harried the retreating Confederates until Hood was out of Ten nessee.

Meanwhile, in mid November, Sherman's Army in Georgia began its famous (or infamous) "March to the Sea". Newaygans participated in the campaign as members of the 13th, 14th, and 21st Michigan Infantry regiments and the First Michiga n Engineers and Mechanics.

After tearing up rails and generally wrecking everything in its path, Sherman's Army arrived in front of Savannah on December 10 and settled down for a siege. However, on December 20, the Confederates abandoned the city, completing Sher man's campaign through Georgia.

When we last left Company A of the 10th Michigan Cavalry at the end of 1863, it was at Camp Nelson, Kentucky. The regiment soon left for Knoxville, in Eastern Tennessee. Using Strawberry Plains as its base, the regiment spent the re st of the year patrolling the area of Tennessee northeast of Knoxville along the Holston River (89).

In March and April the regiment undertook a short reconnaissance, meeting the Rebels at Bean's Station on March 27.

At the end of April, the regiment was ordered to destroy the bridge over the Wautauga River at Carter's Station. The regiment drove the Rebels out of Jonesboro on April 25, but were unable to destroy the bridge because the Rebels were h oled up in a mill on the river.

The rest of April and May was spent close to camp, except for a reconnaissance to Greenville on May 30 (90).

In mid-June it was learned that the Confederates had a herd of horses at Kingsport (on the Virginia border). Encountering some Rebels on the way, the regiment lost the element of surprise, and returned empty handed.

The first week of July, on a reconnaissance to the east, the regiment met some guerillas at Wilsonville and drove them across the North Carolina border.

The first week of August was spent on another unsuccessful expedition to destroy bridges over the Holston and Wautauga Rivers.

Later in August, Confederate General Wheeler began a raid to Middle Tennessee. It was thought that Wheeler would go north of Knoxville, so General Gillem was sent from Middle Tennessee to take charge of the Union forces in East Tennesse e. Gillem, thinking Wheeler would take a broad sweep around Knoxville, ordered the 10th Michigan north towards Virginia, leaving Captain Standish (who was in ill health) and 125 convalescents, blacksmiths, and farriers at Strawberry Plains. On August 23, while the main Federal force was skirmishing with some Rebels at Blue Springs, Wheeler's Cavalry Corps (some 6000 strong, plus nine artillery pieces) showed up on Strawberry Plains' doorstep. While Standish with his small force fought off Wheeler's Cavalr y, a party of eight Federals at McMillan's Ford (on the Holston River) held off a Rebel brigade for three hours, until they were flanked and captured.

Interrogating the prisoners, Wheeler asked one "Are all the 10th Michigan Cavalry like you?" "Oh no," the prisoner replied, "We are the poorest of the lot. We are mostly horse farriers and blacksmiths and special duty men, and not much accustomed to fighting." "Well," said Wheeler, "if I had 300 such men as you, I could march straight through Hell."

Wheeler, not wishing to spend any more time with the garrison at Strawberry Plains, bypassed it and continued into Middle Tennessee, where it was left to the 2nd Michigan Cavalry at Nashville to drive him off.

On their way back to Strawberry Plains, the main body of the 10th Cavalry had the good luck to find Confederate raider John H. Morgan at Greenville. On September 4, they charged into the town and Morgan was killed.

At the end of September, the regiment began another expedition to Carter's Station on the Wautauga, this time succeeding in driving the Rebels out on October 2.

On October 10, a party of 75 men under the command of Co. M's Lt. Sherman was ambushed, suffering severe casualties (91). The rest of October was marked by minor skirmishing

Then, in November, Confederate General Breckenridge began advancing on Knoxville from Virginia. General Gillem's troops at Bull's Gap were thrown into a panic, but Major Smith with 100 men of the 10th Michigan Cavalry and 100 men from a North Carolina regiment covered Gillem's retreat at Morristown on November 13, then withdrew to Strawberry Plains.

On November 17, the Union and Confederate artillery dueled and the skirmishers were heavily engaged, but Breckenridge decided against a frontal attack.

The next campaign was an expedition along the Clinch Mountains toward Saltville, Virginia, beginning in December. Saltville was reached on December 20, and the salt works destroyed. The regiment returned to Knoxville in January, 1865.

1865: ON THE HOME FRONT

As 1865 dawned, Lee was bottled up at Petersburg, Hood's Army had been smashed at Nashville, and Savannah had fallen to Sherman's Army. The Confederacy was clearly on its last legs, and many Newaygans, fearing that the war would end wit hout their getting a chance to do their part, volunteered. The great majority enlisted in the 10th Michigan Cavalry (92), joining the regiment at Knoxville on March 16.

Other Newaygans joined the 9th Michigan Infantry (assigned to guard duty at Nashville) (93), the 6th Michigan Cavalry (94), and other units (94a).

The draft also continued in 1865. At least fourteen Newaygans were drafted into the 15th Michigan Infantry (95), joining the regiment at Alexandria, Virginia on May 21 (after hostilities had ceased). Other Newaygo draftees were assigned to the 16th Michigan Infantry (96), and the 10th Michigan Infantry (97).

It was suspected that Lee would attempt to escape to the southwest. To forestall that possibility, General Stoneman's Cavalry Corps was sent on a raid through southwest Virginia and North Carolina. The 10th Michigan Cavalry left Eas tern Tennessee to accompany Stoneman on this raid on March 20. The regiment arrived at Christianburg on the Lynchburg Railroad on April 5 and proceeded to destroy the railroad and bridges crossing the Roanoke River.

At Henry Courthouse on April 8, a company charged into town, only to be captured by 500 of Wheeler's Cavalry. They were rescued when the rest of the regiment came up and put the Rebels to flight.

On April 10, the regiment remained behind the main force to burn some bridges over Abbott's Creek, North Carolina. After having done so, the regiment was discovered by a brigade of Rebel Cavalry and forced to withdraw, inflicting, howev er, heavier casualties on the enemy. Major (formerly Captain) Standish was cited for his "coolness and courage" in this engagement.

The regiment rejoined the main force, taking Salisbury, North Carolina on April 11.

Meanwhile, the Federal Infantry (including Newaygans in the 5th, 8th and 27th Michigan Infantry regiments)) lay in the trenches before Petersburg. On March 25, the 8th and 27th repulsed an attempt to take Fort Steadman, while on the sam e day the 5th Infantry attacked the Rebels at Hatcher's Run.

On April 2, the Federal Army began a final assault on Petersburg, the 8th and 27th capturing Fort Mahon. The next day, both Richmond and Petersburg fell, and Lee began retreating to the west.

The Michigan Cavalry Brigade, meanwhile, had returned from the Shenandoah Valley at the end of February, riding a raid that ended on the Pamunkey River on March 19. On April 1 the brigade, posted on the left of the Union line at Five Fo rks, helped occupy the rebels while the infantry on the right smashed Pickett's line. After the fall of Petersburg, the brigade joined the pursuit of Lee's Army.

At Saylor's Creek on April 6, Lee split his forces (Gordon to the north, Ewell to the south). The 5th Michigan Infantry, as part of Humphrey's Corps, fought Gordon, while the Michigan Cavalry Brigade, as part of Sheridan's Cavalry Corps , took part in the envelopment and capture of Ewell's Corps. Lee had only postponed the inevitable, and both regiments were in line of battle when Lee surrendered at Appomattox Courthouse on April 9.

Lee's surrender was greeted with joy in Newaygo County, where on April 11 a meeting was held in Newaygo to celebrate peace.

But the war wasn't over yet. On January 17 through 20, Sherman's Army (including Newaygans in the 13th, 14th and 21 st Michigan Infantry regiments, and the 1st Michigan Engineers and Mechanics) left Savannah, heading north. The ; Savann ah River was crossed on February 6 and Columbia, South Carolina captured on February 7.

On February 28, Sherman's Army crossed the Catawba River (the 13th Infantry fighting the Rebels there), and Fayetteville, North Carolina fell on March 12.

The remnants of Hood's Army, now under the command of Joseph E. Johston, were now in a position to oppose Sherman. On March 16, the Federals ran into the Rebels at Averysboro, North Carolina, the 13th, 14th and 21st Michigan Infantry re giments all seeing action. Johnston withdrew that night, making his final attempt to stop Sherman at Bentonville on March 19. It was a confusing battle with both Union and Confederate forces finding themselves cut off at times. The 13th, 14th and 21st Mic higan Infantry regiments were all heavily engaged (98).

On March 23, Sherman's Army reached Goldsboro, North Carolina, and in April proceeded to Raleigh. Lee having surrendered on April 9, Johnston could see no point in continuing the contest, and tendered his surrender on April 13 (though i t was not approved until April 26).

After harassing Hood's Army out of Tennessee in December, 1864, the 2nd Michigan Cavalry, operating out of Waterloo on the Tennessee River, was sent on a raid to Corinth, meeting the enemy there on January 19.

On January 12, the 4th Michigan Cavalry left Nashville, bound for Gravelly Springs, Alabama.

In mid-March, the Union Cavalry in Alabama (including the 2nd &v 4th Michigan Cavalry) began a raid to central Alabama. On April 1, the 4th was engaged at Mulberry Creek. On April 2, while the 2nd Cavalry was skirmishing with the Re bels at Trion, the 4th Cavalry participated in the assault that resulted in the fall of Selma. On April 3, the 2nd Cavalry met the enemy at Tuscaloosa, and at Bridgeville on April 6.

After Montgomery fell on April 12, Wilson's Federal Cavalry turned east toward Georgia. The 4th Cavalry engaged the Rebels at Double Bridges, Georgia on April 18. While the 2nd Cavalry remained in Alabama (their last fight was at Talladaga, Alabama on April 23), the 4th Cavalry continued into Georgia, participating in the capture of Macon on April 20.

Although Lee and Johnston had surrendered, Jefferson Davis was still at large. The 4th and 10th Michigan Cavalry were part of the dragnet put out to catch him.

While the 10th Michigan Cavalry was sent from North Carolina to Central Georgia, the 4th Michigan Cavalry started east from Macon.

Near Irwinsville, Georgia, the 4th made contact with the 1st Wisconsin Cavalry, close on Davis' heels. Colonel Pritchard of the 4th, chose 135 of his best men (99) and rode into Irwinsville in the middle of the night. Posing as Davis' R ebel escort, they duped a citizen into revealing the location of Davis' camp. The battalion surrounded the camp and at dawn on May 10, closed in. They captured Davis and his party without a shot - from the Rebels that is. The 1st Wisconsin was sneaking up on the camp, and two men were killed and four severely wounded before it was discovered they were firing on their own men.

At last the war was truly over, and the North was ready to celebrate (though President Lincoln was not there to see it, having been assassinated on April 14). On May 23, the Army of the Potomac (including Newaygans in the 5th and 27th M ichigan Infantry, and the 6th Michigan Cavalry) trooped down Pennsylvania Avenue during the first day of what would be called the "Grand Review". D.G. Crotty of the 5th Michigan described the scene: About nine o'clock we commence our march down Pennsyl vania Avenue. The buildings are beautifully decorated with all kinds of mottos, evergreens and flags. Thousands flock to the streets to welcome the conquering armies... The sight before our eyes as we pass the Capitol building, is grand in the extreme. As far as the eye can reach along the beautiful Avenue a solid mass of men are seen moving, and all keeping step to the numerous bands that lead the different regiments. One would think that the whole avenue was covered with one vast sheet of burnished stee l, for the bayonets glitter in the sunlight, and throw their bright lustre on all around Cheer upon cheer goes up from the crowds as the old tattered flags pass by. There are people present from all parts of the civilized world, to see what no other count ry on the face of the earth can produce - a conquering army of citizen soldiers, numbering nearly three hundred thousand. Every available spot is taken up -from the cellars of buildings to the giddy height of fifth story roofs. The lamp post* trees and te legraph poles have their share of humanity clinging to them. As we pass the grand stand we observe the President, Andrew Johnson, the members of his Cabinet, Lieutenant General Grant and staff, Ambassadors from foreign nations, and others of distinction. We salute by dropping our colors, and pass on to camp...

The next day was Sherman's turn. His "bummers" (including Newaygans in the 10th, 13th, 14th, 15th and 21st Michigan Infantry, and the 1st Michigan Engineers and Mechanics) must have been quite a sight, having just arrived tattered a nd mud stained from the field. But they had won, and this was no doubt one of the proudest days of their lives.

The war had ended but the troops' terms of enlistments had not. Some men were still needed to impose order in the South. Some Newaygans, not seeing the point of remaining in the army now that the Rebels had surrendered, simply deserted (100). Others stuck it out, some into 1866.

The First Newaygans to be mustered out were those in the 10th Michigan Infantry on May 15, 1865 (101). In June, Newaygans serving as members of Sherman's Army in the 13th (102), 14th (103), and 21st (104) Michigan Infantry regiments

were mustered out, as were those in the 11th Michigan Cavalry (105), the 1st New York (Lincoln) Cavalry (106), and several other units (106a).

In July, it was the Army of the Potomac's turn, as the 5th (107), 8th (108), and 27th (109) Michigan Infantry regiments were mustered out (110).

The 15th Michigan Infantry was disbanded piecemeal, the Newaygans being mustered out from May to August (111). Also in August the 2nd (112) and 4th (113) Michigan Cavalry regiments were mustered out (114).

The next month, September, saw the 9th Michigan Infantry (115) and the 1st Michigan Engineers and Mechanics (116) sent home (117).

By far the largest contingent of Newaygans were in the 10th Michigan Cavalry. Although a few were discharged sooner (118) and later (119), most of the Newaygans (some 57 of them) were mustered out with the regiment on November 11, 1865 (120).

The Newaygans in the 3rd Michigan (reorganized) were mustered out over a period of months, the last ones in 1866 (121).

While the rest of the Newaygo County soldiers were going home, those in the Michigan Cavalry Brigade found themselves fighting Indians. Although many were mustered out in the summer of 1865 (122), the rest were sent to Fort Leavenworth, Kansas. In November and December, still more men were mustered out (123) while the others were consolidated into the 1st Michigan Cavalry, sent to the Black Hills, and not discharged until 1866 (124).

1. We also acknowledge with thanks the help of Mrs. Sherry Miller of the Muskegon County Historical Society.

2. If a name in a footnote appears in parentheses, that means that we think that man enlisted from Newaygo County, but have not confirmed it. All men were privates unless otherwise indicated.

3. Mississippi, Florida, Alabama, Georgia, Louisiana and Texas.

4. Virginia, Arkansas, North Carolina and Tennessee.

5. Newaygo County enlistees in the 3rd Michigan Infantry in April and May, 1861 at Grand Rapids:

Big Prairie's Alva BONNA, age 20, in Co. K on May 13; died of disease on June 25, 1862 at Savage Station, Virginia

John M. BROWN, age 19, in Co. K on May 13

Ensley Township's Edwin BUCHANAN, age 24, in Co. B on May 13; discharged for disability on February 12, 1862; returned to area

Cyrus N. BULLIN, age 34, in Co. K on May 13

John BUTLER, age 29, in Co. C on May 23

Thomas BYERS, age 25, in Co. H on May 13

Croton Township's Benjamin CARPENTER, age 24, in Co. K on May 13

Brooks' Cpl. John G. CARPENTER, age 32, in Co. K on May 13

Brooks' Dennis CONWAY, age 31, in Co. H on May 13

Lyman A. CRANDALL, age 20, in Co. K on May 13; deserted December 23, 1863

Big Prairie Township's Perry A. CRANDALL, age 22, in Co. H on May 13

Brooks Township's Cpl. Frederick L. DAY, age 22, in Co. K on May 13; transferred to Invalid Corps on April 30, 1864

Newaygo's Sgt. Wallace W. DICKINSON, age 30, in Co. K on May 13; discharged for disability on January 24, 1863; but see footnote 44

Sidney FOX, age 22, in Co. K on May 13; died of disease on October 20, 1862 at Fort Monroe, Virginia

Benjamin Franklin GOOCH, age 30, in Co. F on May 31

Robert GRAHAM, age 22, in Co. H on May 13

Croton Township's Frederick HIGBEE, age 28, in Co. H on May 13

Zephemiah T. HORINE, age 32, in Co. H on May 13; discharged for disability on November 2, 1861

James C. JONES, age 27, in Co. K on May 13; discharged for disability November 15, 1862

Elias H. JUDD, age 22, in Co. K on May 13

Bridgeton's John N. KEMPF, age 22, in Co. C on May 13

John H. MILLER, age 22, in Co. H on May 6

Joseph MILLER, age 29, in Co. C on May 13

Hesperia's Joseph H. "Zeph" MOE, age 28, in Co. K on May 13

Big Prairie's Cpl. James O'DONOHUE, age 22, in Co. K on May 13

William H. PARADISE, age 20, in Co. H on May 6

Samuel T. PRYOR, age 21, in Co. K on May 13

Croton Township's Walter QUIGLEY, age 19, in Co. H on May 6; discharged for disability October 3, 1862; but see footnote 69A

Brooks Township's Anson A. SHELLY, age 22, in Co. H on May 13; transferred to Battery K, 3rd U.S. Artillery on January 17, 1863; wounded at Gettysburg on July 2, 1863; discharged May 13, 1864

George W. TATE, age 22, in Co. K on May 13

Stephen D. THOMPSON, age 21, in Co. F on May 13

Coda WHITE, age 24, in Co. H on May 13

John W. WHITTAKER, age 21, in Co. K on May 13; discharged June 20, 1862

Caleb WOOLPERT, age 20, in Co. H on April 28; transferred to 3rd U.S. Artillery on January 29, 1863; discharged from Battery F on February 8, 1864

6. Newaygo County enlistees in Co. D, 8th Michigan Infantry in August and September, 1861 (all except Zimmerman enlisted at their place of residence):

Dayton's Wiliam M. BROWN, age 38, on August 17; died of disease December 11, 1861

Big Prairie's Cpl. Owen COOK, age 19, on September 19

Dayton's Cpl. Jason T. DOWD, age 27, on August 19; discharged October 23 1 RR)

(William LEGGETT), in Co. D; discharged September 13, 1862; but see footnote 45

Dayton's John REDFIELD, age 40, on August 17; discharged for disability on December 9, 1862; returned to county

Dayton's Musician Chester A. STONE, age 23, on August 17; discharged for disability August 16, 1862; returned to county

Dayton's David W. THURSTON, age 28, on August 23

Big Prairie's Stephen WATERS, age 29, on August 18

Dayton's Daniel W. WILCOX, age 20, on August 17; shot in hand in 1864; discharged October 24, 1864; returned to county

Newaygo's Gotlieb ZIMMERMAN, age 25, on September 1 at Grand Rapids; transferred to Invalid Corps July 1, 1863

7. Newaygo County enlistees in the 2nd Michigan Cavalry from August to November, 1861:

John ALLEN, in Co. E on November 2, at Grand Rapids; deserted March 15, 1864

Everett Township's Sgt. Charles BARTON, age 28, in Co. E on September 21 at Grand Rapids; discharged for disability September 25, 1862

Big Prairie's Sgt. Henry BARTON, age 22, in Co. E on September 25 at Grand Rapids

Big Prairie's Robert H. BARTON, age 23, in Co. E on September 25 at Grand Rapids; discharged for disability July 24, 1862

Newaygo's Battalion Ouartermaster, John A. BROOKS, Jr., on September 2; discharged for disease June 1, 1862, returned to county

Newaygo's Gamaliel S. CARLISLE, age 30, in Co. E on September 3 at Berlin

John CHEENEY, age 27, in Co. E on September 7 at Grand Rapids; discharged for disability September 22, 1862; returned to county

Amos B. COOK, age 22, in Co. E on September 25 at Grand Rapids; discharged for disability September 11, 1862; returned to county and died November 16, 1862

Jacob M. DuBOIS, age 34, in Co. C on September 19 at Grand Rapids

Ephraim KELLUM, age 21, in Co. E on September 7 at Casnovia

Aleaser B. MASON, age 23, in Co. E on September 9 at Grand Rapids

Ashland's First Sgt. William H. McGRAW, age 23, in Co. B on September 9 at Dansville; discharged for disability as First Lt. on August 27, 1863

William H. MILLARD, age 25, in Co. E on September 9 at Grand Rapids; transferred to I invalid Corps on September 1, 1863; mustered out (expiration of term of service) October 1, 1864

Everett Township's Daniel MONROE, age 20, in Co. E on September 9 at Grand Rapids; discharged for disability March 16 1862

Co. E, 2^nd Mich. Cavalry

Ashland's William M. PIERSON, age 31, in Co. E on September 9 at Grand Rapids; discharged for disability February 18, 1862; returned to county

Calvin ROGERS, age 44, in Co. E on August 21 at Grand Rapids; discharged for disability April 3, 1863

Croton Township's William H. RUSSELL, age 19, in Co. E on September 14 at White River

Newaygo's Hospital steward Dahiel A. SPICER, age 36, on September 2 at Grand Rapids

Newaygo's Thomas TERRY, age 33, in Co. E on September 25 at Grand Rapids; last record is "in hospital" April 5, 1864

Volney TRASK, age 21, in Co. E on September 11 at Grand Rapids

Big Prairie's Warren TRASK, age 27, in Co. E on September 25 at Grand Rapids; died of disease July 19, 1864 at Jeffersonville, Indiana.

8. Newaygo County enlistees in Co. K, 1st New York (Lincoln) Cavalry in August, 1861 at Grand Rapids:

Brooks Township's Reuben G. DWELL, age 28, on August 29; discharged for disability December 20, 1862

(Edward W. ELDRED), age 24, on August 28; captured April 24, 1864; released May 8, 1864

William J. HARRIS, age 40, on August 12

(Benjamin PARKER), age 34, on August 12

(Cpl. Daniel THURSTON), age 24, on August 12

(Albert C. WHITE), age 25, on August 12; discharged November 12, 1861.

9. Newaygo County enlistees in Co. C, 1st Michigan Engineers and Mechanics in September, 1861 at Grand Rapids:

David E. GRIFFIN, age 21, on September 17

Ashland Township's Thomas C. HOLLINGTON, age 42, on September 14; died of disease May 25, 1862 at Corinth, Mississippi

Croton Township's Joseph KNISS, age 45, on September 28

Croton Township's Jost STENGEL, age 41, on September 17.

10. Other Newaygo County enlistees, July to October, 1861:

Bridgeton Township's (Seth ELLIS), age 22, in Co. F. 16th U.S. Infantry, on August 27 in Muskegon; discharged (expiration of term of service) as Cpl. on November 27, 1864; returned to area

Erastus H. FREEMAN, age 38, in Dygert's Sharpshooters (attached to 16th Michigan Infantry) on October 24 at Detroit; discharged for disability April 12 1862

Lake's (David O. INGLERIGHT), age 31, in Co. I, 12th Michigan Infantry on October 14 at Lake; wounded on October 5, 1862 at Metamora, Tennessee; discharged May 8, 1863

(Peres Miner PICKETT), age 18, in Co. D, 1st Michigan Infantry, on July 15 at Jackson; discharged for disability February 7, 1862 (but see footnote 20)

(Stephen SHIPPY), age 19, in Co. D, 11th Michigan Infantry on August 24 at Bronson; died of disease February 8, 1862 at Bardstown, Kentucky

Andrew J. SPENCER, age 33, in Dygert's Sharpshooters (attached to 16th Michigan Infantry) on October 24 at Detroit; transferred to U.S. Navy on May 2, 1864; returned to county

11. Major Amass B. WATSON was shot through the thigh here but returned to service

12. Big Prairie's Stephen WATERS was wounded on one such reconnaissance on Wilmington Island on April 16 but returned to service

13. Major WATSON's horse was shot out from under him during this battle. He was discharged for disability on September 24, 1862 and returned to the county

14. Newaygo County enlistees in the 3rd Michigan Infantry in March, 1862:

Dayton Township's Horatio BARNHARD, age 29, in Co. H on March 12 at Grand Rapids

Dayton Township's John BARNHARD, age 25, in Co. H on March 12 at Muskegon

Croton Township's Lawrence L. CAVENDER, age 18, in Co. H on March 4

Dayton Township's Judah B. BAKE, age 32, in Co. K on March 12 at Grand Rapids

Benjamin C. HENDERSON, age 18, in Co. K on March 12 at Grand Rapids; transferred to Invalid Corps on March 31, 1864

Dayton Township's Shinar PRESTON, age 22, in Co. K on March 2 at Grand Rapids

William TURNER, age 38 in Co. K on March 12; discharged for disability June 26, 1862

Dayton Township's Edward WILDER, age 22, in Co. K on March 12 at Grand Rapids; died of disease October 9, 1863

15. Though no Newaygans were among the casualties.

16. Bridgeton's John N. KEMPF of Co. C, was missing in action here but later returned to the regiment

George W. TATE, Sr. of Co. K was shot through the left hand and discharged for disability on October 7, 1862, after which he returned to the county

17. Newaygo County casualties in the 3rd Michigan Infantry at Second Bull Run (a.k.a Groveton) on August 29, 1862:

Dayton's Horatio BARNHARD of Co. H. killed in action

Cyrus N. BULLIN of Co. K, killed in action

Brooks Township's John G. CARPENTER of Co. K; missing in action, but returned to regiment November 13, 1862; discharged for disability May 19, 1863, but see footnote 45

Brooks Township's Dennis CONWAY of Co. H. killed in action

Elias H. JUDD of Co. K, wounded but returned to service

Big Pr,airie's James O'DONOHUE of Co. K, wounded; discharged for disability as Sgt., February 26, 1863

Stephen D. THOMPSON of Co. F. shot in left forearm and right shoulder; lay on battlefield three days; discharged for disability as Sgt., December 30, 1862.

17A. Cpl. Benjamin Franklin GOOCH was shot in the thigh here but returned to service.

18. At least eight Newaygans enlisted in the 3rd Michigan Infantry in March, 1862. See footnote 14. Other Newaygo County enlistees from February to July, 1862 included:

Dayton's Simon Peter BARNHARD, age 17, in Co. K, 3rd Michigan Infantry on August 9 at Grand Rapids

Newaygo's William CHRISMAN, age 22, in Co. E, 3rd Michigan Cavalry, on February 22 at Newaygo; discharged (expiration of term of service) on February 24, 1865

(Orrin FULLER), age 19, in Co. E, 3rd Michigan Cavalry on February 22 at Brooks; discharged for disability August 2, 1862

(George B. JONES), age 19, in Co. E, 3rd Michigan Cavalry at Brooks on February 22

Dayton's (Edmund E. LEWIS), age 18, in Co. K, 4th Michigan Cavalry on July 26 at Lapeer; died of disease November 15, 1862 at Lebanon, Kentucky

19. Newaygo County enlistees in the 21st Michigan Infantry in August, 1862:

Newaygo's Martin BOZYOR, age 25, in Co. E on August 14 at Newaygo

Grove's Jason CARPENTER, age 25, in Co. K on August 11 at Eaton; died June 25, 1865 at Washington, D.C.

Newaygo's Alexander COLE, age 29, in Co. E on August 9 at Newaygo

Newaygo's Nathan DAVIS, age 18, in Co. E on August 14 at Newaygo

Ashland's Henry HARRINGTON, age 37, in Co. E on August 13 at Grand Rapids; died of disease February 10, 1863

Ashland's Orville S. KELLUM, age 24, in Co. H on August 14 at Casnovia

Newaygo's Daniel E. McNUTT, age 18, in Co. E on August 7 at Newaygo

Newaygo's Cpl. Lyman R. MEEKER, age 29, in Co. E on August 14

Newaygo's Chauncey C. MOORE, age 29, in Co. E on August 11 in Grand Rapids; died of disease on April 28, 1863 at Murfreesboro, Tennessee

Newaygo's Daniel D. TOMPKINS, age 18, in Co. E on August 15 in Grand Rapids

Ashland's John D. WHEELER, age 27, in Co. H on August 14 in Grand Rapids; died of disease April 15, 1865 at Beaufort, S.C.

20. Newaygo County enlistees in the 2nd Michigan Cavalry in August, 1862:

Dayton's Gilbert T. HURD, age 20, in Co. H on August 21 at East Saginaw

(Peres Miner PICKETT), age 19, in Co. E on August 12 at Grand Rapids

Fremont's Richard D. WACHTER, age 28, in Co. G on August 15 at Grand Rapids

Fremont Township's Thaddeus L. WATERS, age 27, in Co. G on August 15 at Grand Rapids

(Daniel WILLIAMS), age 19, in Co. B on August 12 at Grand Rapids; discharged for disability February 2, 1863.

21. Newaygo County enlistees in the 6th Michigan Cavalry from July to December, 1862 (all at Grand Rapids unless otherwise noted):

Newaygo's Newton ACKLEY, age 31, in Co. B on September 5

Croton Township's James O. BERRY, age 22, on August 5

Co. A, 6^th Mich.Cavalry

Croton Township's (Thomas C. BORDEN), age 18, in Co. F on September 8 at Solon

Croton's Benjamin F. CUE, age 32, in Co. A on July 28; transferred to U.S. Navy in May, 1864

Croton's Sgt. David B. COLLINS, age 29, in Co. A on July 19

Croton's George W. DANCER, age 26, in Co. A on July 24

Fremont's Joseph DOUGLASS, age 24, in Co. A on August 11

Fremont's Reuben B. DOUGLASS, age 20, in Co. A on November 8

Ensley's Andrew FLYNN, age 31, in Co. A on August 12; suffered sabre cut on both hands and jaw; transferred to U.S. Navy on April 14, 1864

Newaygo's Daniel B. FULLER, age 32, in Co. B on September 15

Newaygo's John D. FULLER, age 42, in Co. B on December 2

Newaygo's James D. GAY, age 31, in Co. B on September 30

Croton's James C. GILLMORE, age 21, in Co. A on August 11

Newaygo's Bugler Calvin R. GLAZIER, age 30, in Co. B on September 6

Dayton's Horace Noyce GOOCH, age 25, in Co. B on August 4

Croton's First Sgt. Edward D. HORTON, age 23, in Co. D on September 1; discharged for disability May 1, 1863

Croton's Albert HUNTER, age 19, in Co. A on August 11; died January 16, 1863 at Washington, D.C.

Ensley's Phillip JORDAN, age 18, in Co. A on August 15

Croton's William E. McCALL, age 21, in Co. A on August 12

Newaygo's Joseph McCUNE, age 22, in Co. A on August 11

Newaygo's Thomas McGOWAN, age 32, in Co. B on September 17

Everett's David MONROE, age 19, in Co. A on August 13

Croton's James M. PAGE, age 23, in Co. A on August 14

Ensley's John SKED, age 27, in Co. A on August 8

Ensley's Vine SKED, age 22, in Co. A on June 12

Newaygo's Cpl. James M. SMITH, age 27, in Co. A on August 5

Big Prairie's Cpl. Darwin P. SWAIN, age 25, in Co. A on August 14

Richard J. SWAIN, age 25, in Co. A on August 4

Everett's Charles P. UTLEY, age 25, in Co. A on August 14

Newaygo's James M. WEBSTER, age 21, in Co. B on September 8; deserted January 25, 1863

Croton's Lewis E. WRIGHT, age 30, in Co. D on September 27 at Croton

Bridgeton's Joseph A. ZERLAUT, age 22, in Co. H on September 29 at Muskegon

22. Newaygo County enlistees in the 7th Michigan Cavalry from November, 1862 to February, 1863:

Big Prairie's Edwin W. BARNES, in Co. K on November 28 at Big Prairie

Ashland's Cpl. William BECKWITH, age 26, in Co. H on January 7 at Ashland; deserted January 26, 1863

Croton's Eli C. CARLE, in Co. K on February 14, at Croton; transferred to Invalid Corps, 1863

Big Prairie's James L. CHRYSLER, age 22, in Co. E on December 2 at Big Prairie

Croton's John DENMAN, age 21, in Co. H on January 27 at Croton; deserted February 2, 1863

Dayton's Amherst H. DICKINSON, age 19, in Co. E on November 28 at Dayton

Dayton's Horace HOPKINS, Jr., age 28, in Co. E on November 28 at Dayton.

23. Newaygo County enlistees in other Michigan regiments in August and September, 1862:

Croton's Charles W. BILLS, age 21, in Co. H. 26th Michigan Infantry on August 21 at Leslie; died of disease February 7, 1863

Croton's John C. BORDEN, age 22, in Co. E, 1st Michigan Engineers and Mechanics on September 1 at Grand Rapids

Ashland's William C. HOLLlNGTON, age 18, in Co. C, 26th Michigan Infantry on August 11

Little Prairie's (William McCOY), age 41, in Co. C, 4th Michigan Cavalry on August 1 at Little Prairie

Newaygo's William McCUNE, age 31, in Co. H. 4th Michigan Cavalry on August 9 at Newaygo

White River's (Thomas H. SMITH), age 22, in Co. F. 5th Michigan Cavalry on August 15 at White River

Fremont's James THOMAS, age 34, in Battery B, 1st Michigan Light Artillery on September 9 at Detroit; deserted that same month

Newaygo's Ambsiah TOMPKINS, age 27, in Co. C, 26th Michigan Infantry on August 2 at Brooks; accidentally shot June 1, 1863.

24. Ashland's Orville S. KELLUM was wounded here and died of the wounds at Louisville, Kentucky on December 21, 1862.

25. Newaygo's Alexander COLE was wounded here, dying of the wounds on January 20, 1863

Newaygo's Daniel D. TOMPKINS was captured on December 31 but was exchanged on May 6, 1863.

26. It was here that Newaygan John BUTLER of Co. C was wounded, necessitating amputation of his foot and a disability discharge on May 1, 1864.

Dayton Township's Simon Peter BARNHARD of Co. K was captured but paroled and returned to the regiment in October, 1863

Finally, Newaygo's Benjamin C. CARPENTER of Co. K, lost some of his teeth to a minie ball.

27. The 7th Michigan Cavalry was augmented by two more enlistees from Ensley Township:

Porter LAHR, age 18, in Co. M on April 27, 1863 at Ensley; and

William WRIGHTMAN, age 18, in Co. M on April 20, 1863 at Ensley.

28. Newaygo's James D. GAY and

Thomas McGOWAN, both of Co. B, 6th Cavalry, were missing in action here but returned to the regiment later. McGOWAN was discharged for disability on February 10, 1864.

28A. It was here that Cpl. Benjamin Franklin GOOCH was wounded. However, he returned to service.

29. It was here that Newaygo County's John M. BROWN of Co. K was wounded. He died July 12.

30. The 7th's casualties included three Newaygans in Co. E:

Big Prairie's - James L. CHRYSLER, missing in action but later returned to the regiment

Dayton's - Horace HOPKINS, Jr., mortally wounded; died in Baltimore

Dayton's Amherst H. DICKINSON, missing in action but returned to regiment on October 6, 1863.

31. July 4 at Monterey, 6th Cavalry served as skirmishers in successful attack on a Rebel wagon train.

July 6, Hagerstown, 7th Cavalry as skirmishers drove Rebels beyond the town.

July 6, Williamsport, 6th Cavalry fights off a Rebel counter-attack on the brigade's artillery battery.

July 8, Boonsborough, 7th Cavalry charged the enemy off the field.

32. It was here that Dayton Township's Horace Noyce GOOCH of Co. B was killed.

33. Snicker's Gap, Virginia, on July 19; Berry's Ford over the Shenandoah River on July 20; and Newby's Cross Roads on July 24.

34. Kelly's Ford on the Rappahannock on September 13; Culpepper Courthouse on September 14; Raccoon Ford on the Rapidan on September 16; White's Ford on the Rapidan on September 21; and Jack's Shop, Virginia on September 26.

35. It was here that Ensley's William HALL, who had enlisted in Co. M, 7th Michigan Cavalry on August 5, 1863 at Grand Rapids, at the age of 27, was captured. See "The Rebels' Prisons" for his story.

36. Bridgeton's Joseph A. ZERLAUT of Co. H. 6th Michigan Cavalry, was shot in the leg here. While in the hospital recuperating from his wound, Abraham Lincoln visited and Zerlaut shook his hand.

37. Stevensburg, Virginia on November 19 and Morton's Ford, Virginia on November 26.

38. At Locust Grove on November 27 and Mine Run on November 29.

39. It was here that Newaygan Joseph MILLER of Co. C was captured. See "The Rebels' Prisons".

40. Milton on February 18; Cainsville on February 19; Spring Hill on February 27; Columbia on March 4 and 5; Hillsborough on March 12; Brentwood on March 25; Triune on June 4; Rover on June 23; Middletown on June 24; Shelbyville on June 27; Elk River Ford on July 2; and Dechard on July 4.

41. It was here that Fremont's Thaddeus L. WATERS of Co. G. 2nd Michigan Cavalry, was captured. A few days later, on September 25

Newaygo's Gamaliel S. CARLISLE of Co. E, 2nd Michigan Cavalry, was captured at Dallas Ford. For their story, see "The Rebels' Prisons"

42. Anderson Crossroads in October and Sparta in December.

43. Dandridge on December 24 and Mossy Creek on December 29.

44. Newaygo County enlistees in Co. A, 10th Michigan Cavalry in July, 1863:

(Cpl. Horace T. BROWN), -age 18, on July 13, at Brooks

(Sgt. Theodore M. CLARK), age 21, on July 13 at Brooks

Brooks Township's Cpl. Phillip Reuben DICKINSON, age 34, on July 13 at Fremont

Fremont Township's Wagoner Amos GATES, age 49, on July 15 at Big Prairie

(William A. HOSKIN), age 46, on July 13 at Brooks

(Patrick KELLEY), age 23, on July 15 at Brooks

(John LANCASTER), age 17, on July 14 at Brooks

(Roswell E. MATHEWS), age 25, on July 13 at Brooks

Brooks Township's Thomas MAYNARD, age 32 on July 13 at Brooks

Brooks Township's Samuel PRICE, age 48, on July 15 at Brooks; died of disease at Nashville on May 4, 1864

Fremont's Nelson E. ROOT, age 25,on July 13 at Brooks; took sick December, 1863 and died of typhoid fever on March 1, 1864 at Camp Nelson, Kentucky

Newaygo's Sgt. Henry C. STONE, age 34, on July 13 at Brooks

Brooks Township's Cpl. Frederick A. THOMAS, age 38, on July 13 at Brooks; discharged for disability February 28, 1864.

45. Newaygo County enlistees in Co. A, 10th Michigan Cavalry in August, 1863:

Croton Township's August C. BERGE, age 17, on August 21 at Croton

Charles C. CARPENTER, age 15, on August 21 at Croton

Croton Township's John G. CARPENTER, age 34, on August 12 at Brooks

Ashland Township's Cpl. David S. CARVIN, age 18, on August 26 at Bridgeton

Barton Township's Cpl. William H. DAVENPORT, age 39, on August 10 at Brooks

(Charles H. GLANN), age 19, on August 31 at Croton

Croton Township's Cpl. Peter HALL, age 49, on August 24 at Croton; transferred to Invalid Corps April 1,

1865; discharged for disability October 19, 1865; returned to county

(David IRWIN), age 18, on August 25 at Croton

(John B. JARSE), age 17, on August 19 at Brooks

(Sgt. Alonzo S. JONES), age 24, on August 17 at Brooks

(William P. LEGGETT), age 30, on August 24, at Leonard

Newaygo's Assistant surgeon Charles W. LEONARD on August 26

Charles W. Leonard Asst. Surgeon Co.

A, 10^th Mich. Cavalry

Co. A, 10^th Mich. Cavalry

Ashland Township's Quartermaster Sgt. Alphonso A. MAXIM, age 21, on August 14 at Bridgeton

Bridgeton's Davis MERRILL, age 17, on August 26 at Bridgeton; died April, 1864 at Knoxville, Tennessee

Croton's James A. MORGAN, age 18, on August 29 at Brooks

William MORGAN, age 20 on August 29 at Brooks

Croton Township's George R. NELLIS, age 20, on August 26 at Croton

(Perry PIERCE), age 18, on August 31 at Croton

Croton Township's Albert PLATT, age 20, on August 25 at Croton

Dayton's Perry PRESTON, age 18, on August 21 at Dayton; died of disease December 20, 1863 at Lexington, Kentucky

Dayton's Nelson ROWE, age 27, on August 24 at Dayton

(Arson RUSSELL), age 17, on August 21 at Croton

Croton Township's William J. RYAN, age 17, on August 20 at Croton

(Earl SCHOFIELD), age 18, on August 10 at Brooks

Peter SEAMAN, age 58, on August 29 at Ashland; discharged for disability October 13, 1864; returned to county

Bridgeton Township's Thomas SHAW, age 49, on August 22 at Green

Croton Township's George STINGEL age 18, on August 26 at Croton

Dayton Township's Willard WILDER, age 21, on August 31 at Dayton

(Edmund WILSON), age 30, on August 16 at Brooks

Bridgeton Township's Henry D. WOODWARD, age 16, on August 26 at Bridgeton.

46. Newaygo County enlistees in Co. A, 10th Michigan Cavalry, in September and October, 1863:

Croton Township's Horace BUCK, age 19, on September 7 at Croton

Brooks' Anthony CRIDLER, age 35, on October 7 at Muskegon

Croton Township's Wesley C. DANCER, age 18, on October 5 at Croton

(William H. FOWLER), age 19, on September 14 at Croton

Cpl. Lucius L. GATES, age 33, (Mexican War veteran), on September 2 at Grand Rapids

Allen A. KELLOGG, age 21, on September 24 at Croton

Brooks' Christopher RAWLINGS, age 26, on September 7 at Brooks

Co. A, 10^th Mich. Cavalry

John G. RICHARDSON, age 18, on October 10 at Ashland, deserted November 18, 1863

Brooks Township's Samuel R. THOMAS, age 38, on September 7 at Brooks

Bridgeton's Antoine TROUTIER, age 25, on September 1, 1863 at Muskegon, deserted September 10 1863.

47. Snyder H. MOSES paid $300 for a substitute

Ashland's Charles BLOOD hired Jerome STICKNEY

Ashland's James BROWN hired Jacob BRITTON

Dayton's Alexander H. WALKER hired Edward TAYLOR

Ashland's William ADDIS hired George ROBERTS

48. Everett's Henry S. COYKENDALL, age 33, drafted into Co. B, 2nd Michigan Cavalry, on November 2, 1863.

49. Newaygo County draftees assigned to the 4th Michigan Cavalry in October and November, 1863:

Barton's Abraham H. FOX, age 23, in Co. K on October 2.

Dayton's Horace C. JENNEY, age 29, in Co. D on October 2

Ashland's Clarence L. PERKINS, age 24, in Co. K on November 2

Croton's Enoch S. RHOADES, in Co. K on November 2

Bridgeton's Benjamin F. SHERMAN, age 27, in Co. C on November 2

Newaygo's William J. SMITH, age 32, in Co. C on November 2

Fremont's Orrin WISWELL, age 21, in Co. D on October 2

50. Other Newaygo County enlistees in 1863:

Elms Corners' Warren BRADWAY, age 34, in Co. M, 11th Michigan Cavalry, on December 30 at Jonesville

(Edward CHUBB), age 19, in Co. I, 9th Michigan Cavalry on April 30 at Newaygo

Brooks' George W. JARSE, age 19, in Co. F. 1st Michigan Engineers and Mechanics on December 26 at Grand Rapids

Newaygo's John LaGARDE, age 35, in Co. G. 1st Michigan Sharpshooters on July 11 at Niles, deserted March 26, 1864

Newaygo's Joseph LaGARDE, age 25 in Co. G. 1st Mich. Sharpshooters on July 11 at Niles, deserted November 4, 1863.

(Charles MOE), age 18, in Co. I, 9th Michigan Infantry on August 27 at Newaygo, discharged February 15, 1865

Brooks' Chester C. MITCHELL, age 37, in Co. B, 1st Michigan Engineers and Mechanics on December 19 at Grand Rapids

(Wallace M. PROBASCO), age 22, in Co. D, 1st Michigan Engineers and Mechanics on December 18 at Grand Rapids

Fremont's John WILLIAMS, age 32, in Co. F. 1st Michigan Sharpshooters on April 18 at Fremont.

51. Newaygans in Co. H. 3rd Michigan Infantry who re-enlisted on December 24, 1863:

Thomas BYERS

Big Prairie's Perry A. CRANDALL

Cpl. John H. MILLER

William H. PARADISE

Cpl. Coda WHITE.

52. Newaygo County enlistees in the 27th Michigan Infantry in March and April, 1864:

Fremont's Orson O. DAVID, age 21, in Co. D on March 29 at Grand Rapids

Henry H. FELLOWS, age 24, in Co. E on March 31 at Grand Rapids

Austin HENRY, age 42, in Co. B on March 31 at Grand Rapids

Fremont's Benjamin Henry KIMBALL, age 21, in Co. D on Mar. 29 at Gradn Rapids, wounded August 9, 1864 before Petersburg

Fremont's David P. KIMBALL, age 18, in Co. D on April 19 at Grand Rapids

John H. SHAW, age 47, on March 24 at Fremont, no further record.

53. Newaygo County casualties in the 3rd Michigan Infantry on May 6, 1864:

Dayton Township's Simon Peter BARNHARD of Co. K, wounded in the leg and left elbow

Croton Township's Cpl. Lawrence L. CAVENDER of Co. H. wounded and missing in action. He lost his leg and spent six months in the hospital before being discharged for disability on February 10, 1865 and returning home

Elias H. JUDD of Co. K, captured

Hesperia's Joseph H. MOE of Co. K, captured. See "The Rebels' Prisons".

54. It was here that Dayton Township's John BARNHARD of Co. H was shot in the right forearm

Bridgeton's John N. KEMPF of Co. C was also wounded.

55. It was here that Big Prairie's Cpl. Owen COOK of Co. D, 8th Michigan, was killed while carrying the colors

Big Prairie's Stephen WATERS of Co. D, 8th Michigan, was wounded.

56. Newaygans mustered out of the 3rd Michigan Infantry in June, 1864, due to expiration of term of service:

Newaygo's Benjamin C. CARPENTER of Co. K, on June 20; returned to county

Cpl. Benjamin Franklin GOOCH of Co. F on June 20

Robert GRAHAM of Co. H on June 20

Croton Township's Sgt. Frederick HIGBEE of Co. H on June 20

Elias H. JUDD of Co. K on June 22

Bridgeton's John N. KEMPF of Co. C on June 27

Samuel T. PRYOR of Co. K on June 20.

57. Newaygans transferred from the 3rd to the 5th Michigan Infantry on June 10, 1864:

Dayton Township's Cpl. John BARNHARD to Co. A, discharged for disability February 26, 1865; returned to county

Dayton Township's Simon Peter BARNHARD to Co. F; discharged December 5, 1864 due to wounds received May 5, 1864; returned to county

Thomas BYERS to Co. A.

Croton Township's Cpl. Lawrence L. CAVENDER to Co. A; discharged for disability February 10, 1865; returned to county

Big Prairie Township's Perry A. CRANDALL to Co. A.

Dayton Township's Judah B. DAKE to Co. 1

Cpl. John H. MILLER to Co. F

William H. PARADISE to Co. A

Dayton Township's Shinar PRESTON, transferred to Invalid Corps August 9, 1864; mustered out March 12, 1865; returned to county

Cpl. Coda WHITE to Co. A.

58. It was here that Big Prairie's Stephen WATERS of Co. D was killed.

59. Two Newaygans were captured here: Big Prairie Township's Perry A. CRANDALL of Co. A; and

Cpl. John H. MILLER of Co. F. See "The Rebels' Prisons".

60. Newaygo County enlistees in Co. B, 5th Michigan Infantry in June, 1864:

Big Prairie's Alva RIKER, age 25, on June 22 at Big Prairie

Big Prairie's Benjamin F. TRASK, age 32, on June 27 at Kalamazoo

Ashland's David E. WILLIAMS, age 41, on June 27 at Ashland.

61. Newaygan Henry H. FELLOWS of Co. E, 27th Michigan Infantry, suffered a concussion here when hit by a spent ball, but quickly recovered. Fremont's Orson 0. DAVID of Co. D, 27th Michigan Infantry, was captured on August 21. See "The Rebels' Prisons".

62. It was here that Big Prairie's Benjamin F. TRASK of Co. B, was wounded and captured. See "The Rebels' Prisons".

63. White River's Thomas H. WHITE of Co. F. 5th Michigan Cavalry, was captured during this raid, on March 4. See "The Rebels' Prisons".

64. It was here that Everett's David MONROE of Co. A, 6th Michigan Cavalry was captured. S